logo logo International Journal of Educational Methodology

IJEM is a leading, peer-reviewed, open access, research journal that provides an online forum for studies in education, by and for scholars and practitioners, worldwide.

Subscribe to

Receive Email Alerts

for special events, calls for papers, and professional development opportunities.

Subscribe

Publisher (HQ)

RHAPSODE LTD
Eurasian Society of Educational Research
College House, 2nd Floor 17 King Edwards Road, Ruislip, London, UK. HA4 7AE
RHAPSODE LTD
Headquarters
College House, 2nd Floor 17 King Edwards Road, Ruislip, London, UK. HA4 7AE
refugee children migration war children039s drawings

Refugee Children’s Drawings: Reflections of Migration and War

Muhammet U. Oztabak

Humans have had to immigrate from one country to another throughout the history because of economic problems, warfare, safety, etc. Warfare and migrat.

H

Humans have had to immigrate from one country to another throughout the history because of economic problems, warfare, safety, etc. Warfare and migration definitely bring about traumatic incidents for all humanity. However, they are much more destructive for children. The current study aims to review the warfare-and-migration-themed drawings of the Syrian and Palestinian children living in Turkey as refugees in comparison to the Turkish children’s drawings. A case study design was employed as a qualitative methodology. 19 Syrian, 6 Palestinian and 25 Turkish children aged between 6-10 years studying in various primary schools in City of Istanbul made up the study sample. Children were asked to draw pictures of warfare and migration, observed and interviewed for data collection. Content analysis was used to determine the themes present in the qualitative data. The themes identified in the drawings were discussed referring to the literature and recommendations were made.

Keywords: Refugee children, migration, war, children's drawings.

cloud_download PDF
Cite
Article Metrics
Views
791
Download
1092
Citations
Crossref
8

Scopus

References

Altinkopru, T. (2003). Cocugun basarisi nasil saglanir? [How is achieved the success of the child?] (11th ed.). Hayat Publishing.

Alvarez, W. F. (1988). Children of migrant farm families. American Journal of Public Health, 78(8), 934-936. 

American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of psychiatric disorders (4th ed.). APA.

Aronowitz, M. (1984). The social and emotional adjustment of immigrant children: A review of literature.  International Migration Review, 18(2), 237-257.

Arslan, H. D., Cinar, K., & Dinc, P. (2009). Mekana yonelik algisal farklarin olculmesinde Lens Model yaklasimi: Model acilimi ve kullanim ornekleri [Lens model approach in measuring perceptual differences in space: model expansion and use cases]. Selcuk University Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology, 24(4), 35-48.

Berry, J. W. (1987). Comparative studies of acculturative stress. International Migration Review, 21(3), 491–511.

Betts, A., & Kaytaz, E. (2009). National and international responses to the Zimbabwean exodus: Implications for the refugee protection regime. New Issues in Refugee Research, 175(1), 1-26.

Birman, D. (2002). Refugee mental health in the classroom: A guide for the ESL teacher. Spring Institute for Intercultural Learning. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237256236

Bisson J., & Andrew M. (2007). Psychological treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews, 18(3), 4-16.

Boneva, B., Irene, H. F., Anuska, F., Eva, J., Daniela, P., & Aida, O. (1998). Achievement, power and affiliation as clues to (E)migration desires: A four-countries comparison. European Psychologist, 4(3), 247-254.  

Burkitt, E., Barret, M., & Davis, A. (2005). Drawings of emotionally characterized figures by children from different educational backgrounds. International Journal of Art & Design Education, 24(1), 71-83.

Buz, S. (2003). Yoksulluk ve goc [Poverty and migration]. In A. E. Bilgili & I. Altan (Eds.), Yoksulluk Sempozyumu [Poverty symposium] (pp. 150-163). Deniz Feneri Association Publishing.

Cirakoglu, O. C. (2003). Uzun suren bir savas: Travma sonrasi stres bozuklugu [A long war: posttraumatic stress disorder]. Pivolka, 2 (Special Issue: War), 20-21.

Dalhouse, D. W., & Dalhouse, A. D. (2009). When two elephants fight the grass suffers: Parents and teachers working together to support the literacy development of Sudanese youth. Teaching and Teacher Education, 25(2), 328-335.

Deniz, O. (2009). Multeci hareketleri acisindan Van kentinin durumu ve kentteki multecilerin demografik profili [Van city in terms of refuge mobilities and the demographic profile of refugees]. Eastern Geographical Review, 14(22), 187-204.

Dey, I. (1993). Qualitative data analysis: A user friendly guide for social scientists. Routledge.

Durgel, E., & Yagmurlu B. (2014). Turk gocmen ailelerde sosyallestirme hedefleri ve ana babalik: Okul oncesi doneme detayli bakis [Socialization goals and parenting in Turkish immigrant families: A detailed look at preschool period]. Turkish Psychological Articles, 17(34), 3-12.

Dyregrov, A., Gjestad, R., & Raundalen, M. (2002). Children exposed to warfare: A longitudinal study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15(1), 59-68.

Ellis, B. H., Lankau, E. W., Ao, T., Benson, A. A., Miller, A. B., Shetty, S., Cardoza, B. L., Geltman, P. L., & Cochran, J. (2015). Understanding Bhutanese refugeee suicide throught the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behavior. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 85(1), 43-55.

Erden, G., & Gurdil, G. (2009). Savas yasantilarinin ardindan cocuk ve ergenlerde gozlenen travma tepkileri ve psikososyal yardim onerileri [Trauma responses and psychosocial help suggestions in children and adolescents after the war experiences]. Turkish Psychological Articles, 12(24), 1-13.

Family Research Institution. (1998). Dogu ve Guneydogu Anadolu’dan teror nedeniyle goc eden ailelerin sorunlari [Problems of families migrating from Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia due to terrorism]. Prime Ministry Family Research Institute Publishing.

Fazel, M., Reed, R. V., Panter-Brick, C., & Stein, A. (2012). Mental health of displaced and refugee children resettled in high-income countries: risk and protective factors. The Lancet, 379(9812), 266-282.

Furth, G. M. (2002). The secret world of drawings: A Jungian approach to healing through art (2nd ed.). Inner City Boks.

Garrett, K. E. (2006). Living in America: Challenges facing new immigrants and refugees. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. http://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/reports/2006/rwjf13807 

Geltman P. L., Grant-Knight, W., & Mehta, S. D. (2005). The “lost boys of Sudan” functional and behavioral health of unaccompanied refugee minors resettled in the United States. Archives Pediatrics Adolescent Medicine, 159(6), 585-591.

Goodkind, J. R., Hess, J. M., Isakson, B., LaNoue, M., Githinji, A., Roche, N., & Parker, D. P. (2014). Reducing refugee mental health disparities: A community-based intervention to address postmigration stressors with African adults. Psychological Services, 11(3), 333-346. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035081

Gokler, B. (2001). Teror karsisinda cocuklar [Children in the face of terror]. Turkish Psychological Bulletin, 7(22), 62-63.

Halmatov, S. (2015). Cocuk resimlerinin analizi ve psikolojik resim testleri: Cocuklar ve yetiskinler icin [Analysis of children's drawings and psychological drawing tests: for children and adults] (2nd ed.). Pegem Academy Publishing.

Hodes, M. (2000). Psychologically distressed children in the United Kingdom. Child Psychology and Psychiatry Review, 5(2), 57–68.

Hodgkin, R., & Newell, P. (2003). Cocuk haklarina dair sozlesme uygulama el kitabi [Application handbook on children's rights convention]. UNICEF. http://insanhaklarisavunuculari.org/dokumantasyon/items/show/701

International Organization for Migration (IOM) (2018). World migra­tion report. The future of migration: Building capacities for change. https://www.iom.int/wmr/chapter-2

Jabbar, S., & Betawi, A. (2019). Children express: war and peace themes in the drawings of Iraqi refugee children in Jordan. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 24(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2018.1455058

Kaptanoglu, C. (1991). Iskencenin ruhsal etkileri [Spiritual effects of torture] [Unpublished master's thesis]. Anadolu University.

Karakaya, S. (2011). Turk sinemasinda sokak cocugu imgesi ve bir ornek ‘sir cocuklari’ [The image of gamin in Turkish cinema and an example of 'secret children']. I. Turkiye Cocuk Haklari Kongresi Yetiskin Bildirileri Kitabi [1st Turkey Children's Rights Congress Proceedings Book]. Children's Foundation Publishing.

Karatas, M. (1996). Erzincan’in sosyal yapisi ve mart 1992 depreminden sonra goc edip geri donenlerin donus sebepleri [Social structure of Erzincan and reasons of return for those who migrated and returned after the march 1992 earthquake] [Unpublished master's thesis]. Istanbul University.

Katz, I., & Redmond, G. (2010). Review of the circumstances among children in immigrant families in Australia. Child Indicators Research, 3(4), 439-458.

Keegan, J. (1993). Savas sanati tarihi [Martial art history]. Sabah Books.

Kefeli, E. (2003). Savas ve cocuk iliskisinin Kibris Turk siirindeki yansimalari [Reflections of the relationship between war and children in Turkish Cypriot poetry]. Journal of Scholarly Studies, (15), 27-37.

Kohlbacher, F. (2006). The use of qualitative content analysis in case study. Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 7(1), 21.

Koplewicz, H. S., Vogel, J. M., Solanto, M. V., Morrissey, R. F., Alonso, C. M., Abikoff, H., Gallagher, R., & Novick, R. M. (2002). Child and parent response to the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15(1), 77-85.

Maagero, E., & Sunde, T. (2016). What makes me happy, and what makes me scared? An analysis of drawings made by Norwegian and Palestinian children. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 24(2), 287-304.

Mercan Uzun, E., & Butun, E. (2016). Okul oncesi egitim kurumlarindaki Suriyeli siginmaci cocuklarin karsilastiklari sorunlar hakkinda ogretmen gorusleri [Teachers' views on the problems faced by Syrian refugee children in preschool education institutions]. International Journal of Early Childhood Education Studies, 1(1), 72- 83.

Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: A sourcebook of new methods. SAGE.

Miller, K. E., & Rasmussen, A. (2010). War exposure, daily stressors, and mental health in conflict and post-conflict settings: Bridging the divide between trauma-focused and psychosocial frameworks. Social Science & Medicine, 70(1), 7-16.

Mutlu, Y., & Kirimsoy, E. (2016). Bulanik mekanlarda golgede kalanlar Suriyeli multeci cocuklar ve vatansizlik riski arastirma raporu [Those who are in the shade in blurred places; Syrian refugee children and statelessness risk research report]. Gundem Children’s Assosiation. http://www.gundemcocuk.org/SuriyeliMulteci Cocuklar-Ve-Vatansizlik-Riski-Raporu.pdf  

Myers-Bowman, K. S., Walker, K., & Myers-Walls, J. A. (2005). “Differences between war and peace are big”: Children from Yugoslavia and the United States describe peace and war. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 11(2), 177. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327949pac1102_4

Oguz, S., Tuygun, N., Polat, E., Akca, E., & Karacan, C. D. (2016). Savas ve cocuk: Suriye ic savasinin sinirdan 750 km uzaktaki bir cocuk acil servisine etkisi [War and child: the Syrian civil war effect on a child emergency room 750 km from the border]. Journal of Pediatric Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, 3(3), 135-139. 

Ozer, S., Sirin, S., & Oppedal, B. (2016). Bahcesehir Study of Syrian Refugee Children in Turkey. Basaksehir University.

Ozer, S., Oppedal, B., Sirin, S., & Ergun, G. (2018) Children facing war: their understandings of war and peace. Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies, 13(1), 60-71. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450128.2017.1372652

Pat-Horenczyk, R., Peled, O., Miron, T., Brom, D., Villa, Y., & Chemtob, C. M. (2007). Risk-taking behaviors among Israeli adolescents exposed to recurrent terrorism: Provoking danger under continuous threat. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(1), 66-72.

Raviv, A., Bar-Tal, D., Koren-Silvershatz, L., & Raviv, A. (1999). Beliefs about war, conflict and peace in Israel as a function of developmental, cultural and situational factors. In A. Raviv, L. Oppenheimer, & D. Bar-Tal (Eds.), How children understand war and peace. Jossey-Bass Publishers.

Roxas, K. (2010). Who really wants “the tired, the poor, and the huddled masses” anyway?: Teachers’ use of cultural scripts with refugee students in public schools. Multicultural Perspectives, 12(2), 65-73.

Rutter, J. (2006). Refugee children in the UK. Open University Press.

Saglam, M. (2011). Bosanma surecinde olan ailelerdeki cocuklarin aile algilarinin ve sorunlarinin resimler araciligi ile incelenmesi [Examining the family perceptions and problems of children in families who are in the process of divorce through drawings] [Unpublished master's thesis]. Ankara University.

Savas, I. (2014). Cocuk resmi ve bilincalti [Child drawing and subconscious] [Unpublished master's thesis]. Istanbul Arel University.

Sayin, Y., Usanmaz, A., & Aslangiri, F. (2016). Uluslararasi goc olgusu ve yol actigi etkiler: Suriye gocu ornegi [The phenomenon of international migration and its effects: Syrian migration example]. Journal of Social Economic Research, 18(31), 1-13.

Seker, B. D., & Aslan, Z. (2015). Egitim surecinde multeci cocuklar: Sosyal psikolojik bir degerlendirme [Refugee children in the educational process: A social psychological assessment]. The Journal of Theoretical Educational Science, 8(1), 86-105.

Thabet, A. A., & Vostanis, P. (2000). Post-traumatic stress disorder reactions in children of war: A longitudinal study. Child Abuse and Neglect, 24(2), 291-298.

Thabet, A. A. M., Abed, Y., & Vostanis, P. (2004). Comorbidity of post-traumatic stress disorder and depression among refugee children during war conflict. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(3), 533-542.

Tienda, M., & Haskins, R. (2011). Immigrant children: Introducing the issue. The Future of Children, 21(1), 3-18.

Turk Tabipleri Birligi (TTB). (2014). Suriyeli siginmacilar ve saglik hizmetleri raporu [Syrian refugees and health services report]. Turkish Medical Association Publishing. https://www.ttb.org.tr/kutuphane/siginmacirpr.pdf

United Nations Refugee Agency (2019). UNHCR Turkiye Istatistikleri [UNHCR Statistics Turkey]. https://www.unhcr.org/tr/unhcr-turkiye-istatistikleri

United Nations Children’s Fund (2016). Turkiye’deki Suriyeli cocuklar bilgi notu [Syrian children in Turkey: information note]. https://www.unicef.org/turkey/raporlar  

Vender, A. (2007). Psikolojik resim testleri: Resimli rehber. [Psychological drawing tests: Drawing guide]. Vlados Publishing.

Yavuzer, H. (2000). Resimleriyle cocuk [Children draw and tell] (8th ed.). Remzi Publishing.

Yayan, E. H. (2018). Post-traumatic stress disorder and mental health states of refugee children. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 32(6), 885-889.

Yildirim, A., & Simsek, H. (2013). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel arastirma yontemleri [Qualitative research methods in social sciences] (9th ed.). Seckin Publishing.

Yule, W. (2002). Alleviating the effects of war and displacement on children. Traumatology, 8(3), 160-180.

Yurdakok, K. (2008). Savas ve cocuk [War and child]. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Pediatric Sciences, 4(6), 6-62.

...