The first step towards discussing a phenomenon or a concept in depth and with powerful scientific principles and methodology is to develop, adapt and utilize tools that accurately measure and discover the problem. For this purpose, the present study concentrated on paternalistic leadership, which is a new concept in the field of management, and reliability and validity studies on the scale (PLS) that was used to assess paternalistic leadership by Cheng et al. (2004) were conducted to add the scale to the national literature. The study was conducted on the data collected from 326 (EFA) + 255 (CFA) research assistants to determine the validity of the scale. In a determination of the reliability of the scale, item-total point correlations and Cronbach’s Alpha internal consistency coefficient were used. In order to determine how the scale works in different cultural and qualitative samples, the adaptation version was discussed by comparing with the previous factor analysis studies of the PLS. The analysis showed that adaptation version of the PLS, with the structure of its 3 sub-dimensional and 23-items, will able to be used in studies aiming to determine the characteristics of paternalistic leadership in the organizational structure and management processes of universities for the researchers working in the field of higher education.

This study explores the relationship between language competence and intercultural communicative competence (ICC) among English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners through a mixed-methods approach. A sample of 196 Chinese EFL learners was divided into three proficiency groups (low, intermediate, and high), with data collected through Likert-scale questionnaires and semi-structured interviews involving 16 participants. Quantitative analysis revealed that higher language proficiency is linked to improved overall ICC scores and its specific dimensions. The Kruskal-Wallis H test confirmed significant differences in overall ICC, attitude, and skill across proficiency levels, with attitude showing the strongest effect. Spearman's correlation analysis demonstrated small but significant positive correlations between English proficiency and overall ICC, attitude, and skill. Qualitative findings further enriched the quantitative results, emphasizing the foundational and catalytic role of language competence in enhancing ICC and its dimensions. However, participants acknowledged that language competence alone is insufficient for fully successful intercultural interactions. This study expands Byram’s model by offering detailed insights into the intricate relationship between language competence and various ICC dimensions. The study recommends that to fully cultivate ICC, it is essential to integrate the development of language competence into instructional practices.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is reshaping education across the Asia-Pacific, yet its integration depends on teachers’ readiness and perspectives. This study explores AI adoption among Vietnamese teachers, a critical lens for the region’s digital education reforms, using the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). Through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), we analyzed responses from 246 teachers nationwide. Results show attitude strongly predicts adoption intention, with privacy and ethical concerns shaping acceptance, though fears of AI dependence hinder uptake. Uniform challenges across urban-rural and STEM-non-STEM contexts suggest systemic barriers in Vietnam’s education system. Teachers foresee AI as a pedagogical assistant but highlight insufficient training and privacy risks as key obstacles. These findings underscore the need for Asia-Pacific-relevant policies—AI literacy programs, ethical governance, and equitable access—to foster sustainable integration. This research informs regional educational policy by offering a Vietnam-centric model for balancing technological innovation with pedagogical integrity, addressing shared challenges in the Asia-Pacific’s digital transformation.